Capital markets: global offerings in United States

Arnold & Porter

Arnold & Porter remains at the forefront of sovereign finance, representing a range of sovereign governments in Latin America, along with the Republic of Turkey and Hungary. The firm also represents sub-sovereigns and state-owned enterprises, along with a number of financial institutions in global offerings. Although much of the practice centres on debt offerings, it also crosses into the structured finance and derivatives domains. Washington DC partners Whitney Debevoise and Gregory Harrington are leaders in Latin America sovereign offerings, while New York-based Christopher Peterson is a regular adviser to the Republic of Turkey.

Responsables de la pratique:

Teresa Johnson; Christopher Peterson


Autres avocats clés:

Whitney Debevoise; Gregory Harrington


Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton

Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton is a dominant force in global offerings, for both sovereign and corporate issuers. The firm represents a number of Latin American states in their capital markets offerings, along with other countries in Africa, Europe and Asia. It also advises a multitude of Latin American corporate issuers, along bulge-bracket investment banks. The firm houses a team of former regulators, making it especially adept at advising foreign issuers looking to tap the US capital markets. Sustainability linked offerings continue to be a forte for the department. Jeffrey Karpf has outstanding client relationships and has led a series of headline and immensely challenging deals over recent years. David Lopez is a leader in liability management, including for Latin America issuers. Mexico capital markets specialist Jorge Juantorena and Francesca Odell are also at the forefront of Latin America capital markets offerings. Adam Fleisher  and Duane McLaughlin are key partners too. All named individuals are based in New York.

Autres avocats clés:

Jeffrey Karpf; David Lopez; Jorge Juantorena; Francesca Odell; Adam Fleisher; Duane McLaughlin


Principaux clients

Western Digital Corporation


Copel


The initial purchasers to GE HealthCare and the dealer managers to General Electric Company


The underwriters to Citigroup


The managers to Asian Development Bank


HCA Inc.


Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público (México)


Ontario Teachers’ Finance Trust


Stripe


The underwriters to Corebridge Financial


The Lion Electric Company, Inc.


América Móvil S.A.B. de C.V.


CEMEX


Fomento Económico Mexicano S.A.B. de C.V. (FEMSA)


Initial purchasers to Grupo Traxión


Republic of Chile


Initial purchasers to the Republic of Costa Rica


Codelco (Corporacion Nacional del Cobre de Chile)


Petroleos Mexicanos (Pemex)


Dominican Republic


Republic of Uruguay


Republic of Guatemala


Cooley LLP

Cooley LLP is a market leader in life sciences and technology offerings, including for a growing number of European, Asian and Latin American issuers. A new office in Miami has increased its connection to the Latin American market. In 2023, it continued to work on a series of IPOs and follow-on offerings by issuers in Europe and Asia. The firm has a wide-ranging and impressive client base from start-ups to growth businesses and established public companies. It is also close to key financial institutions. A force in equity offerings, it has a further presence in equity-linked transactions. San Diego-based Charlie Kim heads the capital markets team alongside David Peinsipp in San Francisco. New York’s Div Gupta and Richard Segal are also leading names.

Responsables de la pratique:

Charlie Kim; David Peinsipp


Autres avocats clés:

Richard Segal; Div Gupta


Principaux clients

Abivax S.A.


Addex Therapeutics SA


Ambrx Biopharma


Autolus Therapeutics plc


Bicycle Therapeutics plc


Cowen and Company


Exscientia plc


Faron Pharmaceuticals Oy


Gamida Cell Ltd.


Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC


Gracell Biotechnologies


Immunocore Limited


J.P. Morgan Securities LLC


Jefferies LLC


Lava Therapeutics


Legend Biotech Corporation


Molecular Partners AG


Morgan Stanley & Co.


Oculis SA


Structure Therapeutics Inc.


Principaux dossiers


  • Advised the underwriters on argenx SE’s $1.2bn follow-on offering.
  • Represented Abivax in its $235.8m IPO.
  • Advised Structure Therapeutics on its $185.3m IPO.

Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP

Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP‘s international reputation sees it act for a large number of foreign issuers, including those from Canada, Europe and Latin America. It represented AerCap Holdings in three equity offerings and two debt offerings in 2023 with a total value of $8.81bn. It also advised Nestlé Holdings on two 144A/Reg S notes offerings, worth $4.5bn. Craig Arcella has a strong reputation for global deals, as do Andrew Pitts and Nicholas Dorsey . Kelly Smercina and Ryan Patrone were promoted to the partnership in January 2023. All are based in New York.

Responsables de la pratique:

Craig Arcella; William Fogg; Andrew Pitts


Autres avocats clés:

Nicholas Dorsey


Principaux clients

AerCap


Barrick Gold


Element Fleet


H&M


INEOS


Nestlé


Various financial institutions


Principaux dossiers


  • Represented AerCap in five offerings totaling $8.81bn.
  • Represented Nestlé in two notes offerings totaling $4.5bn.
  • Represented the underwriters in the $600m notes offering of Canadian National Railway Company.

Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP

Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP is a global leader in capital markets, right across the equity and debt spheres, including both investment grade and high-yield debt. The firm’s connections to major investment banks and international issuers brings it a wealth of top engagements. In 2023, it advised on the largest US IPO by a European issuer, the largest US IPO by a Latin American issuer and the largest US IPO by an Israeli issuer. Michael Kaplan and Richard Truesdell are global giants in capital markets offerings, while Maurice Blanco and Manuel Garciadiaz are leaders in Latin America transactions, splitting their time between New York and Sao Paulo. Pedro Bermeo is another emerging talent for Latin America offerings. All named individuals are based in New York unless stated otherwise.

Responsables de la pratique:

Maurice Blanco; Michael Kaplan; Richard Truesdell; John Meade


Autres avocats clés:

Manuel Garciadiaz; Pedro Bermeo


Debevoise & Plimpton LLP

Debevoise & Plimpton LLP is best known for offerings by financial institutions and insurance companies, along with having a strong record in representing private equity firms and their portfolio businesses. Headline deals include acting for Westpac Banking Corporation in substantial debt and equity offerings. Chair of the corporate department Matthew Kaplan is an experienced figure in cross-border offerings, as are co-heads of the capital markets group Paul Rodel and Steven Slutzky . All are based in New York.

Responsables de la pratique:

Paul Rodel; Steven Slutzky


Autres avocats clés:

Matthew Kaplan


Principaux clients

Access Industries, Inc.


agilon health


American Coastal Insurance


American International Group


Ambac Assurance Corporation


Antares Holdings LP


BofA Securities, Inc.


Booz Allen Hamilton


Carlyle Group


Clayton Dubilier & Rice, LLC


Core & Main Inc.


Corebridge Financial Inc.


Cornerstone Building Brands, Inc.


DoubleVerify


Elliott


Everest Re


Fifth Wall Ventures Management, LLC


Gogo, Inc.


Goldman Sachs Group


International Paper Company


JetBlue Airways Corporation


KKR


LABL


Lincoln Financial


Manulife


MBIA


Morgan Stanley


National Life Group


Pacific Life Insurance Company


Principal Financial Group


Providence Equity Partners


Prudential Plc


Spirit Airlines


The Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association (TIAA)


Voya Financial


Warner Bros. Discovery, Inc.


Warner Music Group


Westpac Banking Corporation


WhiteCap


Wm Morrison Supermarkets Limited


Principaux dossiers


  • Advised Westpac in its SEC registered offer and sale of $1.25bn 5.350% Notes due October 18, 2024 and $1.25bn 5.457% Notes due November 18, 2027.
  • Advised Everest Re on its issuance and sale of 4,140,000 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $360 per share.
  • Advised Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC and Goldman Sachs & Co LLC, as representatives of the underwriters, in the offering and sale of $1.4bn of common shares by RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.

Dechert LLP

Dechert LLP has a fine record in cross-border debt and equity offerings, along with international de-SPAC transactions. It is noted for deals involving permanent capital vehicles (including business development companies) and life sciences companies. Boston's Thomas Friedmann co-heads the capital markets group alongside life sciences specialist David Rosenthal in New York. Stephen Leitzell is another key figure in Philadelphia with particular experience in healthcare and technology.

Responsables de la pratique:

Thomas Friedmann; David Rosenthal


Autres avocats clés:

Stephen Leitzell


Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson LLP

Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson LLP represents a number of major international issuers that frequently tap the US capital markets. It is also frequently chosen as underwriters’ counsel in headline transactions, and is noted for its work on consumer products, life sciences and financial services deals. Daniel Bursky  leads the capital markets team, which includes senior names Andrew Barkan and Mark Hayek, along with Joshua Wechsler and Lee Barnum . All are based in New York.

Responsables de la pratique:

Daniel Bursky


Autres avocats clés:

Andrew Barkan; Mark Hayek; Joshua Wechsler; Lee Barnum


Principaux clients

BofA Securities


Goldman Sachs


HSBC


PNC Capital Markets


RBC Capital Markets


Truist


UBS Securities


Wells Fargo


Barclays Capital Inc.


Citigroup Global Markets


Morgan Stanley


Lazard


Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch


JPMorgan


Merck


Humana, Inc.


T-Mobile USA, Inc.


Grupo Televisa, S.A.B.


Broadstone Net Lease


Onex Corporation


Sterling Check Corporation


Goldman Sachs BDC


Principaux dossiers


  • Acted as counsel to the lead underwriters in The Procter & Gamble Company’s $2.1bn offering of three tranches of notes.
  • Acted as counsel to the lead underwriters in connection with Extra Space Storage’s issuance of $500m aggregate principal amount of 5.700% senior notes due 2028.
  • Acted as counsel to Merck & Co in its $6bn six-tranche registered public offering of US dollar-denominated senior notes.

Hogan Lovells US LLP

Hogan Lovells US LLP has a prolific record in global offerings, especially those involving emerging markets. It routinely represents a range of overseas-based banks, sovereigns, and sub-sovereigns. Richard Aftanas continues to play a pivotal role in developing the firm’s standing in capital markets offerings, including global issuances. Emil Arca is a prominent figure in debt offerings and structured finance transactions, including those originating in Latin America; he is a leader in diversified payments rights (DPR) securitisations. Evan Koster also specialises in Latin America debt offerings, along with sovereign and quasi-sovereign issuances from Latin America, Africa and elsewhere. Sina Hekmat is noted for European offerings, including those by financial institutions. All individuals are based in New York.

Responsables de la pratique:

Richard Aftanas; Emil Arca


Autres avocats clés:

Evan Koster; Sina Hekmat


Les références

‘Diverse, knowledgeable team. Good combination of talented associates and experienced partners. Proactive and available to travel / join a video call when necessary to expedite execution.’

‘Availability and product expertise. Quick, thoughtful responses. Pragmatic and commercial, creative team providing smart solutions to solve issues.’

‘The firm has capital markets coverage in many locations around the world. This is a huge plus for global clients.’

Latham & Watkins LLP

Latham & Watkins LLP routinely handles high-profile and headline deals in the market, including IPOs, investment grade debt and high-yield debt offerings. Its geographical reach and global reputation provides it with a wealth of clients and top engagements. It has continued to advise on headline offerings from around the world, including from Europe, Israel, Asia and Canada. It remains actively involved in the Israeli market, representing a number of issuers and underwriters on headline offerings. Marc Jaffe and global head of capital markets Ian Schuman are leaders in international offerings. Key figures also include Nathan Ajiashvili , who has a fine record in the life sciences sector, and Stelios Saffos. All are based in New York.

Responsables de la pratique:

Ian Schuman; Stelios Saffos; Jeffrey Lawlis


Autres avocats clés:

Marc Jaffe; Nathan Ajiashvili


Principaux clients

Bank of America


Citigroup


Corning Incorporated


Credit Suisse


Enlight Renewable Energy


GFL Environmental Inc.


Goldman, Sachs & Co.


Innoviz Technologies Ltd


Jefferies


J.P. Morgan


Morgan Stanley


O-I Glass, Inc.


Principaux dossiers


  • Advised the underwriters on Birkenstock’s $1.5bn IPO on the New York Stock Exchange
  • Advised the initial purchasers on Chinese smart electric vehicle company NIO, Inc.’s $1bn convertible senior notes offering.
  • Advised Enlight Renewable Energy on its $252m IPO on Nasdaq.

Mayer Brown

Mayer Brown is a major force in global offerings, drawing on its profile in Israel, the Nordic countries, Canada and Latin American jurisdictions. It is consistently recognised for its presence in investment grade debt offerings. It has continued to work on large 144A offerings and institutional private placements from Latin America; it has a presence in Brazil through Tauil & Chequer Advogados and has an office in Mexico City. The firm also remains close to a range of Nordic banks along with Canadian banks and pension funds; it is at the forefront of covered bond issuances by Canadian banks. Anna Pinedo is a recognised name in global offerings with a collection of issuer and underwriter clients in the Israeli, Nordic and Canadian markets. Jerry Marlatt specialises in the Canadian market, including covered bond programs. David Bakst  and Chicago partner Edward Best  are also key partners. Named individuals are based in New York unless stated otherwise.

Responsables de la pratique:

Edward Best; Anna Pinedo


Autres avocats clés:

Ryan Castillo; John Ablan; David Bakst; Phyllis Korff; Jerry Marlatt


Principaux clients

BMO Capital Markets


BofA Securities, Inc.


Canada Pension Plan Investment Board


Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce


Citigroup Global Markets, Inc.


Credit Suisse


Deutsche Bank


HSBC


Banco BTG Pactual S/A


Islandsbanki hf.


J.P. Morgan Securities LLC


Macquarie Group and Macquarie Bank


Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC


National Bank of Canada


Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement System


RBC Capital Markets


UBS Securities LLC


US Bancorp


Wells Fargo Securities, LLC


Fédération Des Caisses Desjardins Du Québec


TC Energy Corporation


The Bank of Nova Scotia


Société des Produits Nestlé S.A.


Alpargatas S.A.


VAALCO Energy Corp.


Credorax Inc. (d/b/a Finaro)


Kaia Health Software GmbH


Protalix Biotherapeutics, Inc.


Milbank

Milbank has a major presence in global offerings, particularly those that originate from Latin America. It remains noted for investment grade and high-yield debt, along with project bonds, liability management transactions and equity offerings. The firm is close to major banks and Latin American issuers with much of its recent practice focusing on managers, underwriters and initial purchasers. Energy, oil and gas, infrastructure, financial services and aviation are key sectors for the capital markets group. Marcelo Mottesi is chairman of the corporate finance and securities group, while also co-heading the Latin America team. Carlos Albarracin is another key partner on Latin America capital markets offerings. Both are based in New York.

Responsables de la pratique:

Marcelo Mottesi


Autres avocats clés:

Carlos Albarracin


Principaux clients

Citigroup Global Markets Inc.


HSBC Securities (USA) Inc.


SMBC Nikko Securities America, Inc


Guacolda Energía SpA


Principaux dossiers


  • Represented the initial purchasers in connection with a notes offering by Hunt Oil Company of Peru.
  • Represented the initial purchasers and dealer managers in the Rule 144A / Reg S offering by Promerica Financial Corporation.
  • Advised the initial purchasers in connection with the offering by Multibank of $300m  aggregate principal amount of 7.750% Senior Notes due 2028.

Paul Hastings LLP

Paul Hastings LLP has continued to build out its capital markets practice in New York with a further degree of success in cross-border investment grade debt offerings. The firm also added to its Latin America capital markets expertise with the hire of Grissel Mercado and of counsel Maria Larsen from A&O Shearman in 2023. Green, social and sustainability-linked bonds are another growing part of the international practice. It continues to represent a large number of Latin American and Caribbean issuers, including sovereign governments, along with many of the leading investment banks in global offerings. Alex Herman is another key member of the Latin America capital markets team. Michael Fitzgerald, Joy Gallup and Arturo Carrillo have left the firm and Cathleen McLaughlin  has retired.

Responsables de la pratique:

Frank Lopez; Chris DeCresce; Eric Sibbitt


Autres avocats clés:

Grissel Mercado; Maria Larsen; Alex Herman


Les références

‘Very reliable, always timely and forward-thinking. They stand out not only on knowledge but also because the team is very approachable and have a good dynamic.’

‘Alex Herman – a pleasure to work with. Delivers timely and excellent advice on very complex matters.’

‘A unique team with years of experience in Latin America financing. They combine a deep understanding of the NY law with the ways of working in Latin America. Spanish natives make it easy to convey messages in the right way to the whole team.’

Principaux clients

SMBC


Republic of Peru


Government of Jamaica


TransJamaican Highway Limited


Central American Bank for Economic Integration (CABEI)


Barclays Capital Inc.


J.P. Morgan Securities LLC


Mizuho Securities LLC


Credit Agricole Securities (USA) Inc.


Santander Investment Securities Inc.


HSBC Securities (USA) Inc.


Braskem Idesa S.A.P.I.


Trinidad Generation Unlimited


EnfraGen (the LatAm platform of Glenfarne Group)


Petroleos Mexicanos (PEMEX)


BofA Securities


Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC


Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP

Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP has a particular focus on the Canadian market, along with offerings by overseas-based private-equity backed companies; the firm’s close links to Apollo Global Management and other private equity houses, brings it a wealth of issuer clients. Deals range from IPOs to investment grade and high yield debt. Bond offerings linked to acquisitions around the world are another forte for the capital markets team. Christopher Cummings and Adam Givertz  are key names for Canada offerings, splitting their time between New York and Toronto.

Autres avocats clés:

Christopher Cummings; Adam Givertz


Les références

‘Paul Weiss is absolutely the best at cross-border financings. They have unique experience and advise in a practical manner.’

‘I work mostly with Chris Cummings and Adam Givertz. They both have excellent technical expertise, but what distinguishes them is their business judgement and common sense.’

Shearman & Sterling LLP

A&O Shearman has a strong record in global offerings, advising a vast array of issuers and underwriters; it has particularly close connections to bulge-bracket investment banks. It continues to be amongst the leading firms in global bonds. For Canadian offerings, Jason Lehner is a key capital markets practitioner in New York, is head of the metals and mining practice, and also managing partner of the Toronto office. Hired from Linklaters LLP in August 2023, Alejandro Gordano is noted for ESG-related offerings across Latin America, including sustainability-linked bonds issued by sovereign states. Former partner and now of counsel Antonia Stolper remains active in Latin America deals. Grissel Mercado has left the firm.

Responsables de la pratique:

Ilir Mujalovic


Autres avocats clés:

Jason Lehner; Alejandro Gordano; Antonia Stolper


Principaux clients

Academy Securities


Ad Hoc Group


Azul S.A.


Banco BTG Pactual S.A. – Cayman Branch


Banco do Brasil S.A.


Barclays


Beacon Securities Limited


BMO Capital Markets


BNP Paribas


BNY Mellon Capital Markets, LLC


BofA Securities


Canaccord Genuity


Casgrain & Company Limited


CIBC Capital Markets


Citigroup


Citizens Capital Markets


Commerzbank


Credit Agricole CIB


Credit Suisse


Desjardins Capital Markets


Deutsche Bank Securities


Ecopetrol


Fifth Third Securities


Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC


HSBC


ICBC


ING


Itau BBA USA Securities, Inc.


J.P. Morgan


KeyBank Capital Markets


Laurentian Bank Securities


Loop Capital Markets


Mizuho


Morgan Stanley


MUFG


National Bank Financial Markets


National Bank of Canada Financial Inc.


PNC Capital Markets LLC


Raiffeisen Bank International


RBC Capital Markets, LLC


RBC Europe Limited


Santander US Capital Markets LLC


Scotia Capital (USA) Inc.


Scotiabank


Societe Generale


Standard Chartered Bank


Stifel


TD Securities


The Bank of Nova Scotia


Truist Securities


UBS Securities LLC


Wells Fargo Securities


Principaux dossiers


  • Represented the underwriters in connection with Eaton Corporation’s $500m notes offering.
  • Represented Ecopetrol in connection with a $1.5bn public notes offering.
  • Represented the joint book-running managers in connection with Magna International’s $500m notes offering.

Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP

Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP îs a major force in global offerings, particularly deals originating in Latin America. The firm has outstanding connections to issuers and underwriters, also counting sovereign bond offerings as a key area of business; the firm represented the initial purchaser in the Republic of Guatemala’s $565m sovereign debt offering and the initial purchasers in the Dominican Republic’s $1.8bn sovereign bond offering in 2023. The firm is also active in equity offerings and IPOs for Latin American issuers and has also worked on debt offerings by Canadian and European companies. Juan Francisco Méndez is a senior name for Latin America offerings, along with further colleagues in São Paulo. Mark Brod is another key name for global offerings. Both lawyers are based in New York.

Responsables de la pratique:

Joshua Ford Bonnie; Roxane Reardon; Kenneth Wallach


Autres avocats clés:

Juan Francisco Méndez; Mark Brod


Les références

‘Their availability, responsiveness, expertise, and market knowledge are outstanding.’

‘Collaborations with global offices of Simpson Thacher stands out its services among its competitors. In particular, capital market partners collaborate among themselves and communicate with their respective clients in the relevant regions. Tokyo partners work with bankers in Tokyo of our organisation and partners in New York with our colleagues in New York. Given time differences, they share developments during Tokyo business hours with New York team and vice vasa. Their advice is not solely New York or US centric rather respecting market practice and regulations in Japan.’

Principaux clients

AerCap Holdings N.V.


Alibaba Group Holding Limited


Aston Martin Capital Holdings Limited


BNP Paribas


BRF S.A.


Citigroup


Crédit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank


Credit Suisse


Daiwa Securities


GFL Environmental Inc.


Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC


J.P. Morgan


Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW)


Logicor


Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group, Inc.


Mitsui Fudosan Co., Ltd.


Mizuho Financial Group, Inc.


Morgan Stanley


MUFG


Nomura Securities, Ltd.


Republic of Guatemala


RBC Capital Markets


Société Générale


Stonegate Pub Company Financing plc


TD Securities


Unigel Luxembourg S.A.


Via Varejo S.A.


Wells Fargo Securities


Principaux dossiers


  • Advised the initial purchasers in approximately $3.3bn in bond offerings by the Dominican Republic.
  • Advised the managers in multiple offerings by Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW), including $11bn (aggregate) global notes offerings.
  • Advised KOKUSAI ELECTRIC CORPORATION in its approximately $721m initial public offering of shares.

Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP

Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP has an outstanding record in global offerings, most notably in deals originating from Canada, Latin America and Israel. The firm’s global coverage and presence in all the world’s premier financial centres, gives it enormous credibility in international offerings. It is also at the forefront of green and sustainability-linked bonds in multiple regions. Michael Zeidel is head of Americas capital markets and David Goldschmidt  leads the global team, while Ryan Dzierniejko continues to make a further impression in global offerings, including Canadian transactions. Gregory Fernicola is another key name for global deals, especially Latin America offerings. Michael Hong and Laura Kaufmann Belkhayat are also prominent partners.

Responsables de la pratique:

Michael Zeidel; David Goldschmidt


Autres avocats clés:

Ryan Dzierniejko; Gregory Fernicola; Michael Hong; Laura Kaufmann Belkhayat


White & Case LLP

White & Case LLP‘s global presence and commitment to Latin America sees it remain highly active on high-profile global mandates. The firm has substantial offices in Sao Paulo and Mexico City that have cemented relationships with key issuers and underwriters, while it is also especially active in Peru and Chile. The New York office frequently advises on investment grade offerings by European issuers. The large new York team features a wealth of partners that frequently advise on global offerings, including Jessica Chen, Rafael Roberti, Daniel Nam , Jonathan Michels and Andrew Weisberg. John Vetterli has a long track record in Latin America offerings and Joel Rubinstein is a key name for cross-border SPAC deals. Colin Diamond has left the firm.

Responsables de la pratique:

Gary Kashar


Autres avocats clés:

Jessica Chen; Rafael Roberti; Daniel Nam; Jonathan Michels; Andrew Weisberg; John Vetterli; Joel Rubinstein